Date: Fri, 01 Mar 2002 13:54:00 -0500
From: carol@carolmoore.net (Carol Moore)
Subject: [libs4peace] Israeli weapons of mass destruction: a threat to peace
Reply-To: libs4peace@yahoogroups.com


Author is a DC area pacifist anti-war organizer
FYI.

>      ISRAELI WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION:

>            A THREAT TO PEACE

>

>                       By John Steinbach*

>

>  "Should war break out in the Middle East

> again,...  or should

>  any Arab nation fire missiles against Israel,

> as the Iraqis

>  did, a nuclear escalation, once unthinkable

> except as a last

>  resort, would now be a strong probability."

>

> Seymour Hersh(1)

>

>  "Arabs may have the oil, but we have the

> matches."

>        Ariel Sharon(2)

>

> With between 200 and 500 thermonuclear weapons

> and a

> sophisticated delivery system, Israel has

> quietly supplanted

> Britain as the World's 5th Largest nuclear

> power, and may

> currently rival France andChina in the size and

> sophistication

> of its nuclear arsenal. Although dwarfed by the

> nuclear

> arsenals of the U.S. and Russia, each possessing

> over 10,000

> nuclear weapons, Israel nonetheless is a major

> nuclear power,

> and should be publically recognized as such..

> Since the Gulf

> War in 1991, while much attention has been

> lavished on the

> threat posed by Iraqi weapons of mass

> destruction, the major

> culprit in the region, Israel, has been largely

> ignored.

> Possessing chemical and biological weapons, an

> extremely

> sophisticated nuclear arsenal, and an aggressive

> strategy for

> their actual use, Israel provides the major

> regional impetus

> for the development of weapons of mass

> destruction and

> represents an acute threat to peace and

> stability in the Middle

> East. The Israeli nuclear program represents a

> serious

> impediment to nuclear disarmament and

> nonproliferation and,

> with India and Pakistan, is a potential nuclear

> flashpoint.(prospects of meaningful

> non-proliferation are a

> delusion so long as the nuclear weapons states

> insist on

> maintaining their arsenals,)  Citizens concerned

> about

> sanctions against Iraq, peace with justice in

> the Middle East,

> and nuclear disarmament have an obligation to

> speak out

> forcefully against the Israeli nuclear program.

>

>                   Birth of the Israeli Bomb

>

> The Israeli nuclear program began in the late

> 1940s under

> the direction of Ernst David Bergmann, "the

> father of the

> Israeli bomb," who in 1952 established the

> Israeli Atomic

> Energy Commission. It was France, however, which

> provided the

> bulk of early nuclear assistance to Israel

> culminating in

> construction of Dimona, a heavy water moderated,

> natural

> uranium reactor and plutonium reprocessing

> factory situated

> near Bersheeba in the Negev Desert. Israel had

> been an active

> participant in the French Nuclear weapons

> program from its

> inception, providing critical technical

> expertise, and the

> Israeli nuclear program can be seen as an

> extension of this

> earlier collaboration. Dimona went on line in

> 1964 and

> plutonium reprocessing began shortly thereafter.

> Despite

> various Israeli claims that Dimona was "a

> manganese plant, or a

> textile factory," the extreme security measures

> employed told a

> far different story. In 1967, Israel shot down

> one of their own

> Mirage fighters that approached too close to

> Dimona and in 1973

> shot down a Lybian civilian airliner which

> strayed off course,

> killing 104.(3) There is substantial credible

> speculation that

> Israel may have exploded at least one, and

> perhaps several,

> nuclear devices in the mid 1960s in the Negev

> near the

> Israeli-Egyptian border, and that it

> participated actively in

> French nuclear tests in Algeria.(4) By the time

> of the "Yom

> Kippur War" in 1973, Israel possessed an arsenal

> of perhaps

> several dozen deliverable atomic bombs and went

> on full nuclear

> alert.(5)

>

> Possessing advanced nuclear technology and

> "world class"

> nuclear scientists, Israel was confronted early

> with a major

> problem- how to obtain the necessary uranium.

> Israel's own

> uranium source was the phosphate deposits in the

> Negev, totally

> inadequate to meet the need of a rapidly

> expanding program. The

> short term answer was to mount commando raids in

> France and

> Britain to successfully hijack uranium shipments

> and, in1968,

> to collaborate with West Germany in diverting

> 200 tons of

> yellowcake(uranium oxide).(6)  These clandestine

> acquisitions

> of uranium for Dimona were subsequently covered

> up by the

> various countries involved. There was also an

> allegation that a

> U.S. corporation called Nuclear Materials and

> Equipment

> Corporation(NUMEC) diverted hundreds of pounds

> of enriched

> uranium to Israel from the mid-50s to the

> mid-60s.

>

> Despite an FBI and CIA investigation, and

> Congressional

> hearings, no one was ever prosecuted, although

> most other

> investigators believed the diversion had

> occurred(7)(8). In the

> late 1960s, Israel solved the uranium problem by

> developing

> close ties with South Africa in a quid pro quo

> arrangement

> whereby Israel supplied the technology and

> expertise for the

> "Apartheid Bomb," while South Africa provided

> the uranium.

>

>        South Africa and the United States

>

> In 1977, the Soviet Union warned the U.S. that

> satellite

> photos indicated South Africa was planning a

> nuclear test in

> the Kalahari Desert but the Apartheid regime

> backed down under

> pressure. On September 22, 1979, a U.S.

> satellite detected an

> atmospheric test of a small thermonuclear bomb

> in the Indian

> Ocean off South Africa but, because of Israel's

> apparent

> involvement, the report was quickly

> "whitewashed" by a

> carefully selected scientific panel kept in the

> dark about

> important details. Later it was learned through

> Israeli sources

> that there were actually three carefully guarded

> tests of

> miniaturized Israeli nuclear artillery shells.

> The

> Israeli/South African collaboration did not end

> with the bomb

> testing, but continued until the fall of

> Apartheid, especially

> with the developing and testing of medium range

> missiles and

> advanced artillery. In addition to uranium and

> test facilities,

> South Africa provided Israel with large amounts

> of investment

> capital, while Israel provided a major trade

> outlet to enable

> the Apartheid state avoid international economic

> sanctions.(9)

>

> Although the French and South Africans were

> primarily

> responsible for the Israeli nuclear program, the

> U.S. shares

> and deserves a large part of the blame. Mark

> Gaffney wrote (the

> Israeli nuclear program) "was possible only

> because (emphasis

> in original) of calculated deception on the part

> of Israel, and

> willing complicity on the part of the U.S.."(10)

>

> From the very beginning, the U.S. was heavily

> involved in the

> Israeli nuclear program, providing nuclear

> related technology

> such as a small research reactor in 1955 under

> the "Atoms for

> Peace Program." Israeli scientists were largely

> trained at U.S.

> universities and were generally welcomed at the

> nuclear weapons

> labs. In the early 1960s, the controls for the

> Dimona reactor

> were obtained clandestinely from a company

> called Tracer Lab,

> the main supplier of U.S. military reactor

> control panels,

> purchased through a Belgian subsidiary,

> apparently with the

> acquiescence of the National Security

> Agency(NSA) and the

> CIA.(11) In 1971, the Nixon administration

> approved the sale of

> hundreds of krytons(a type of high speed switch

> necessary to

> the development of sophisticated nuclear bombs)

> to Israel.(12)

> And, in 1979, Carter provided ultra high

> resolution photos from

> a KH-11 spy satellite, used 2 years later to

> bomb the Iraqi

> Osirak Reactor.(13) Throughout the Nixon and

> Carter

> administrations, and accelerating dramatically

> under Reagan,

> U.S.  advanced technology transfers to Israel

> have continued

> unabated to the present.

>

>                 The Vanunu Revelations

>

> Following the 1973 war, Israel intensifieded its

> nuclear

> program while continuing its policy of

> deliberate "nuclear

> opaqueness." Until the mid-1980s, most

> intelligence estimates

> of the Israeli nuclear arsenal were on the order

> of two dozen

> but the explosive revelations of Mordechai

> Vanunu, a nuclear

> technician working in the Dimona plutonium

> reprocessing plant,

> changed everything overnight. A leftist

> supporter of Palestine,

> Vanunu believed that it was his duty to humanity

> to expose

> Israel's nuclear program to the world. He

> smuggled dozens of

> photos and valuable scientific data out of

> Israel and in 1986

> his story was published in the London Sunday

> Times. Rigorous

> scientific scrutiny of the Vanunu revelations

> led to the

> disclosure that Israel possessed as many as 200

> highly

> sophisticated, miniaturized thermonuclear bombs.

> His

> information indicated that the Dimona reactor's

> capacity had

> been expanded several fold and that Israel was

> producing enough

> plutonium to make ten to twelve bombs per year.

> A senior U.S.

> intelligence analyst said of the Vanunu

> data,"The scope of this

> is much more extensive than we thought. This is

> an enormous

> operation."(14)

>

> Just prior to publication of his information

> Vanunu was

> lured to Rome by a Mossad "Mata Hari," was

> beaten, drugged and

> kidnapped to Israel and, following a campaign of

> disinformation

> and vilification in the Israeli press, convicted

> of "treason"

> by a secret security court and sentenced to 18

> years in prison.

> He served over 11 years in solitary confinement

> in a 6 by 9

> foot cell. After a year of modified release into

> the general

> population(he was not permitted contact with

> Arabs), Vanunu

> recently has been returned to solitary and faces

> more than 3

> years further imprisonment. Predictably, The

> Vanunu revelations

> were largely ignored by the world press,

> especially in the

> United States, and Israel continues to enjoy a

> relatively free

> ride regarding its nuclear status.  (15)

>

>               Israel's Arsenal of Mass

> Destruction

>

> Today, estimates of the Israeli nuclear arsenal

> range from

> a minimum of 200 to a maximum of about 500.

> Whatever the

> number, there is little doubt that Israeli nukes

> are among the

> world's most sophisticated, largely designed for

> "war fighting"

> in the Middle East. A staple of the Israeli

> nuclear arsenal are

> "neutron bombs," miniaturized thermonuclear

> bombs designed to

> maximize deadly gamma radiation while minimizing

> blast effects

> and long term radiation- in essence designed to

> kill people

> while leaving property intact.(16) Weapons

> include ballistic

> missiles and bombers capable of reaching Moscow,

> cruise

> missiles, land mines(In the 1980s Israel planted

> nuclear land

> mines along the Golan Heights(17)), and

> artillery shells with a

> range of 45 miles(18). In June, 2000 an Israeli

> submarine

> launched a cruise missile which hit a target 950

> miles away,

> making Israel only the third nation after the

> U.S. and Russia

> with that capability. Israel will deploy 3 of

> these virtually

> impregnable submarines, each carrying 4 cruise

> missiles.(19)

>

> The bombs themselves range in size from "city

> busters" larger

> than the Hiroshima Bomb to tactical mini nukes.

> The Israeli

> arsenal of weapons of mass destruction clearly

> dwarfs the

> actual or potential arsenals of all other Middle

> Eastern states

> combined, and is vastly greater than any

> conceivable need for

> "deterrence."

>

> Israel also possesses a comprehensive arsenal of

> chemical and

> biological weapons. According to the Sunday

> Times, Israel has

> produced both chemical and biological weapons

> with a

> sophisticated delivery system, quoting a senior

> Israeli

> intelligence official, "There is hardly a single

> known or

> unknown form of chemical or biological weapon .

> . .which is not

> manufactured at the Nes Tziyona Biological

> Institute.")(20) The

> same report described F-16 fighter jets

> specially designed for

> chemical and biological payloads, with crews

> trained to load

> the weapons on a moments notice.  In 1998, the

> Sunday Times

> reported that Israel, using research obtained

> from South

> Africa, was developing an "ethno bomb; "In

> developing their

> "ethno-bomb", Israeli scientists are trying to

> exploit medical

> advances by identifying distinctive a gene

> carried by some

> Arabs, then create a genetically modified

> bacterium or virus...

> The scientists are trying to engineer deadly

> micro-organisms

> that attack only those bearing the distinctive

> genes." Dedi

> Zucker, a leftist Member of Knesset, the Israeli

> parliament,

> denounced the research saying, "Morally, based

> on our history,

> and our tradition and our experience, such a

> weapon is

> monstrous and should be denied."(21)

>

>                    Israeli Nuclear Strategy

>

> In popular imagination, the Israeli bomb is a

> "weapon of

> last resort," to be used only at the last minute

> to avoid

> annihilation, and many well intentione but

> misled supporters

> of Israel still believe that to be the case.

> Whatever truth

> this formulation may have had in the minds of

> the early Israeli

> nuclear strategists, today the Israeli nuclear

> arsenal is

> inextricably linked to and integrated with

> overall Israeli

> military and political strategy. As Seymour

> Hersh says in

> classic understatement ;  "The Samson Option is

> no longer the

> only nuclear option available to Israel."(22)

> Israel has made

> countless veiled nuclear threats against the

> Arab nations and

> against the Soviet Union(and by extension Russia

> since the end

> of the Cold War) One chilling example comes from

> Ariel Sharon,

> the current Israeli Prime Minister "Arabs may

> have the oil, but

> we have the matches."(23) (In 1983 Sharon

> proposed to India

> that it join with Israel to attack Pakistani

> nuclear

> facilities; in the late 70s he proposed sending

> Israeli

> paratroopers to Tehran to prop up the Shah;  and

> in 1982 he

> called for expanding Israel's security influence

> to stretch

> from "Mauritania to Afghanistan.") In another

> example, Israeli

> nuclear expert Oded Brosh said in 1992, "...we

> need not be

> ashamed that the nuclear option is a major

> instrumentality of

> our defense as a deterrent against those who

> attack us."(24)

> According to Israel Shahak, "The wish for peace,

> so often

> assumed as the Israeli aim, is not in my view a

> principle of

> Israeli policy, while the wish to extend Israeli

> domination and

> influence is." and "Israel is preparing for a

> war, nuclear if

> need be, for the sake of averting domestic

> change not to its

> liking, if it occurs in some or any Middle

> Eastern states....

> Israel clearly prepares itself to seek overtly a

> hegemony over

> the entire Middle East..., without hesitating to

> use for the

> purpose all means available, including nuclear

> ones."(25)

>

> Israel uses its nuclear arsenal not just in the

> context of

> deterrence" or of direct war fighting, but in

> other more subtle

> but no less important ways. For example, the

> possession of

> weapons of mass destruction can be a powerful

> lever to maintain

> the status quo, or to influence events to

> Israel's perceived

> advantage, such as to protect the so called

> moderate Arab

> states from internal insurrection, or to

> intervene in

> inter-Arab warfare.(26) In Israeli strategic

> jargon this

> concept is called "nonconventional compellence"

> and is

> exemplified by a quote from Shimon Peres;

> "acquiring a superior

> weapons system(read nuclear) would mean the

> possibility of

> using it for compellent purposes- that is

> forcing the other

> side to accept Israeli political demands, which

> presumably

> include a demand that the traditional status quo

> be accepted

> and a peace treaty signed."(27) From a slightly

> different

> perspective, Robert Tuckerr asked in a

> Commentary magazine

> article in defense of Israeli nukes, "What would

> prevent

> Israel... from pursuing a hawkish policy

> employing a nuclear

> deterrent to freeze the status quo?"(28)

> Possessing an

> overwhelming nuclear superiority allows Israel

> to act with

> impunity even in the face world wide opposition.

> A case in

> point might be the invasion of Lebanon and

> destruction of

> Beirut in 1982, led by Ariel Sharon, which

> resulted in 20,000

> deaths, most civilian. Despite the annihilation

> of a

> neighboring Arab state, not to mention the utter

> destruction of

> the Syrian Air Force, Israel was able to carry

> out the war for

> months at least partially due to its nuclear

> threat.

>

> Another major use of the Israeli bomb is to

> compel the U.S.

> to act in Israel's favor, even when it runs

> counter to its own

> strategic interests. As early as 1956 Francis

> Perrin, head of

> the French A-bomb project wrote "We thought the

> Israeli Bomb

> was aimed at the Americans, not to launch it at

> the Americans,

> but to say, 'If you don't want to help us in a

> critical

> situation we will require you to help us;

> otherwise we will

> use our nuclear bombs.'"(29) During the 1973

> war, Israel used

> nuclear blackmail to force Kissinger and Nixon

> to airlift

> massive amounts of military hardware to Israel.

> The Israeli

> Ambassador, Simha Dinitz, is quoted as saying,

> at the time, "If

> a massive airlift to Israel does not start

> immediately, then I

> will know that the U.S. is reneging on its

> promises and...we

> will have to draw very serious

> conclusions..."(30)  Just one

> example of this strategy was spelled out in 1987

> by Amos Rubin,

> economic adviser to Prime Minister Yitzhak

> Shamir, who said "If

> left to its own Israel will have no choice but

> to fall back on

> a riskier defense which will endanger itself and

> the world at

> large... To enable Israel to abstain from

> dependence on nuclear

> arms calls for $2 to 3 billion per year in U.S.

> aid."(31) Since

> then Israel's nuclear arsenal has expanded

> exponentially, both

> quantitatively and qualitatively, while the U.S.

> money spigots

> remain wide open.

>

>             Regional and International

> Implications

>

> Largely unknown to the world, the Middle East

> nearly

> exploded in all out war on February 22, 2001.

> According to the

> London Sunday Times and DEBKAfile, Israel went

> on high missile

> alert after receiving news from the U.S. of

> movement by 6 Iraqi

> armored divisions stationed along the Syrian

> border, and of

> launch preparations of surface to surface

> missiles.

> DEBKAfile, an Israeli based "counter-terrorism"

> information

> service, claims that the Iraqi missiles were

> deliberately taken

> to the highest alert level in order to test the

> U.S. and

> Israeli response.  Despite an immediate attack

> by 42 U.S. and

> British war planes, the Iraqis suffered little

> apparent

> damage.(32) The Israelis have warned Iraq that

> they are

> prepared to use neutron bombs in a preemptive

> attack against

> Iraqi missiles.

>

> The Israeli nuclear arsenal has profound

> implications for

> the future of peace in the Middle East, and

> indeed, for the

> entire planet. It is clear from Israel Shahak

> that Israel has

> no interest in peace except that which is

> dictated on its own

> terms, and has absolutely no intention of

> negotiating in good

> faith to curtail its nuclear program or discuss

> seriously a

> nuclear-free Middle East,"Israel's insistence on

> the

> independent use of its nuclear weapons can be

> seen as the

> foundation on which Israeli grand strategy

> rests."(34)

> According to Seymour Hersh, "the size and

> sophistication of

> Israel's nuclear arsenal allows men such as

> Ariel Sharon to

> dream of redrawing the map of the Middle East

> aided by the

> implicit threat of nuclear force."(35)  General

> Amnon

> Shahak-Lipkin, former Israeli Chief of Staff is

> quoted "It is

> never possible to talk to Iraq about no matter

> what; It is

> never possible to talk to Iran about no matter

> what. Certainly

> about nuclearization. With Syria we cannot

> really talk

> either."(36)  Ze'ev Shiff, an Israeli military

> expert writing

> in Haaretz said, "Whoever believes that Israel

> will ever sign

> the UN Convention prohibiting the proliferation

> of nuclear

> weapons... is day dreaming,"(37) and Munya

> Mardoch, Director of

> the Israeli Institute for the Development of

> Weaponry, said in

> 1994, "The moral and political meaning of

> nuclear weapons is

> that states which renounce their use are

> acquiescing to the

> status of Vassal states. All those states which

> feel satisfied

> with possessing conventional weapons alone are

> fated to become

> vassal states."(38)

>

> As Israeli society becomes more and more

> polarized, the

> influence of the radical right becomes stronger.

> According to

> Shahak, "The prospect of Gush Emunim, or some

> secular

> right-wing Israeli fanatics, or some some of the

> delerious

> Israeli Army generals, seizing control of

> Israeli nuclear

> weapons...cannot be precluded.  ...while israeli

> jewish society

> undergoes a steady polarization, the Israeli

> security system

> increasingly relies on the recruitment of

> cohorts from the

> ranks of the extreme right."(39) The Arab

> states, long aware of

> Israel's nuclear program, bitterly resent its

> coercive intent,

> and perceive its existence as the paramount

> threat to peace in

> the region, requiring their own weapons of mass

> destruction.

> During a future Middle Eastern war (a distinct

> possibility

> given the ascension of Ariel Sharon, an

> unindicted war criminal

> with a bloody record stretching from the

> massacre of

> Palestinian civilians at Quibya in 1953, to the

> massacre of

> Palestinian civilians at Sabra and Shatila in

> 1982 and beyond)

> the possible Israeli use of nuclear weapos

> should not be

> discounted. According to Shahak, "In Israeli

> terminology, the

> launching of missiles on to Israeli territory is

> regarded as

> 'nonconventional' regardless of whether they are

> equipped with

> explosives or poison gas."(40) (Which requires a

>

> "nonconventional" response, a perhaps unique

> exception being

> the Iraqi SCUD attacks during the Gulf War.)

>

> Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass

> destruction

> in such an unstable region in turn has serious

> implications for

> future arms control and disarmament

> negotiations, and even the

> threat of nuclear war.  Seymour Hersh warns,

> "Should war break

> out in the Middle East again,...  or should any

> Arab nation

> fire missiles against Israel, as the Iraqis did,

> a nuclear

> escalation, once unthinkable except as a last

> resort, would now

> be a strong probability."(41) and Ezar Weissman,

> Israel's

> current President said "The nuclear issue is

> gaining

> momentum(and the)  next war will not be

> conventional."(42)

> Russia and before it the Soviet Union has long

> been a major(if

> not the major) target of Israeli nukes.  It is

> widely reported

> that the principal purpose of Jonathan Pollard's

> spying for

> Israel was to furnish satellite images of Soviet

> targets and

> other super sensitive data relating to U.S.

> nuclear targeting

> strategy.  (43) (Since launching its own

> satellite in 1988,

> Israel no longer needs U.S. spy secrets.)

> Israeli nukes aimed

> at the Russian heartland seriously complicate

> disarmament and

> arms control negotiations and, at the very

> least, the

> unilateral possession of nuclear weapons by

> Israel is

> enormously destabilizing, and dramatically

> lowers the threshold

> for their actual use, if not for all out nuclear

> war. In the

> words of Mark Gaffney, "... if the familar

> pattern(Israel

> refining its weapons of mass destruction with

> U.S. complicity)

> is not reversed soon- for whatever reason- the

> deepening Middle

> East conflict could trigger a world

> conflagration." (44)

>

> Many Middle East Peace activists have been

> reluctant to

> discuss, let alone challenge, the Israeli

> monopoly on nuclear

> weapons in the region, often leading to

> incomplete and

> uninformed analyses and flawed action

> strategies. Placing the

> issue of Israeli weapons of mass destruction

> directly and

> honestly on the table and action agenda would

> have several

> salutary effects. First, it would expose a

> primary

> destabilizing dynamic driving the Middle East

> arms race and

> compelling the region's states to each seek

> their own

> "deterrent." Second, it would expose the

> grotesque double

> standard which sees the U.S. and Europe on the

> one hand

> condemning Iraq, Iran and Syria for developing

> weapons of mass

> destruction, while simultaneously protecting and

> enabling the

> principal culprit. Third, exposing Israel's

> nuclear strategy

> would focus international public attention,

> resulting in

> increased pressure to dismantle its weapons of

> mass destruction

> and negotiate a just peace in good faith.

> Finally, a nuclear

> free Israel would make a Nuclear Free Middle

> East and a

> comprehensive regional peace agreement much more

> likely. Unless

> and until the world community confronts Israel

> over its covert

> nuclear program it is unlikely that there will

> be any

> meaningful resolution of the Israeli/Arab

> conflict, a fact that

> Israel may be counting on as the Sharon era

> dawns.

>

> *Written for the DC Iraq Coalition

>

>

> Footnotes:

>

> 1. Seymour Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's

> Nuclear Arsenal

> and American Foreign Policy, New York,1991,

> Random House, p.

> 319 (A brilliant and prophetic work with much

> original

> research)2

>

> 2. Mark Gaffney, Dimona, The Third Temple:The

> Story Behind the

> Vanunu Revelation, Brattleboro, VT, 1989, Amana

> Books, p. 165

> (Excellent progressive analysis of the Israeli

> nuclear program)

>

> 3. U.S. Army Lt. Col. Warner D. Farr, The Third

> Temple Holy of

> Holies;  Israel's Nuclear Weapons, USAF

> Counterproliferation

> Center, Air War College Sept 1999

> <www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/farr,htm>

> (Perhaps the best

> single condensed history of the Israeli nuclear

> program)

>

> 4. Hersch, op.cit., p. 131

>

> 5.  Gaffney, op.cit., p. 63

>

> 6. Gaffney, op. cit. pp 68 - 69

>

> 7. Hersh, op.cit., pp. 242-257

>

> 8. Gaffney, op.cit., 1989, pps. 65-66 (An

> alternative

> discussion of the NUMEC affair)

>

> 9. Barbara Rogers & Zdenek Cervenka, The Nuclear

> Axis: The

> Secret Collaboration Between West Germany and

> South Africa, New

> York, 1978, Times Books, p. 325-328 (the

> definitive history of

> the Apartheid Bomb)

>

> 10. Gaffney, op. cit., 1989, p. 34

>

> 11. Peter Hounam, Woman From Mossad: The Torment

> of Mordechai

> Vanunu, London, 1999, Vision Paperbacks, pp.

> 155-168 (The most

> complete and up to date account of the Vanunu

> story, it

> includes fascenating speculation that Israel may

> have a second

> hidden Dimona type reactor)

>

> 12. Hersh, op. cit., 1989, p. 213

>

> 13. ibid, p.198-200

>

> 14. ibid, pp. 3-17

>

> 15. Hounman, op. cit. 1999, pp 189-203

>

> 16. Hersh, 1989. pp.199-200

>

> 17. ibid, p. 312

>

> 18. John Pike and Federation of American

> Scientists, Israel

> Special Weapons Guide Website, 2001, Web Address

>

> < http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/index.html >

> (An

> invaluable internet resource)

>

> 19. Usi Mahnaimi and Peter Conradi, Fears of New

> Arms Race as

> Israel Tests Cruise Missiles, June 18, 2000,

> London Sunday

> Times

>

> 20. Usi Mahnaimi, Israeli Jets Equipped for

> Chemical Warfare

> October 4, 1998, London Sunday Times

>

> 21. Usi Mahnaimi and Marie Colvin, Israel

> Planning "Ethnic"

> bomb as Saddam Caves In, November 15, 1998,

> London Sunday Times

>

> 22. Hersh, op.cit., 1991, p. 319

>

> 23. Gaffney, op.cit., 1989, p. 163

>

> 24. Israel Shahak, Open Secrets: Israeli Nuclear

> and Foreign

> Policies, London, 1997,Pluto Press, p. 40 (An

> absolute "must

> read" for any Middle East or anti-nuclear

> activist)

>

> 25 ibid, p.2

>

> 26. ibid, p.43

>

> 27. Gaffney, op.cit., 1989, p 131

>

> 28. "Israel & the US: From Dependence to Nuclear

> Weapons?"

> Robert W.  Tucker, Novenber 1975 pp41-42

>

> 29. London Sunday Times, October 12, 1986

>

> 30. Gaffney, op. cit. 1989. p. 147

>

> 31. ibid, p. 153

>

> 32. DEBKAfile, February 23, 2001 WWW.debka.com

>

> 33. Uzi Mahnaimi and Tom Walker, London Sunday

> Times, February

> 25, 2001

>

> 34. Shahak, op. cit., p150

>

> 35. Hersh, op.cit., p. 319

>

> 36. Shahak, op. cit., p34

>

> 37. ibid, p. 149

>

> 38. ibid, p. 153

>

> 39. ibid, pp. 37-38

>

> 40. ibid, pp 39-40

>

> 41. Hersh, op. cit., p. 19

>

> 42. Aronson, Geoffrey, "Hidden Agenda:

> US-Israeli Relations and

> the Nuclear Question," Middle East Journal,

> (Autumn 1992),

> 619-630.

>

> 43 . Hersh, op. cit., pp. 285-305

>

> 44. Gaffney, op. cit., p194



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